glutathione vs glutamine vs glutamate vs. Glutamate: Differences, Similarities, and Metabolic Role – Troscriptions® Glutamine vs. Glutathione: Their Relationship

List of abbreviations ALOX5 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ALT Alanine Transaminase AMPK Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase AKT Protein kinase B BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor CAT Catalase CB1/CB2 Cannabinoid 1/2 CDKs Cyclin-dependent kinases COX Cyclooxygenase EI Electron Ionization ERK 1/2 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 GC-MS Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy GDNF Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor GPx Glutathione peroxidase GSH Glutathione GST Glutathione S-transferases H 2 O 2 Hydrogen Peroxide HDAC Histone Deacetylase HETES Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids HMC3 Human Microglial Clone 3 1 HNMR Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance HPLC High-performance Liquid Chromatography IB Inhibitor of nuclear factor-B IKK Inhibitory-B kinase IR Infrared JAK/STAT Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase LC 50 Lethal Concentration 50 LOX Lipooxygenase MDA Malondialdehyde MPO Myeloperoxidase NF-B Nuclear Factor kappa B NIH-3T3 Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cell line NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate NO Nitric oxide Nrf 2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 6-OHDA 6-hydroxydopamine p38 MAPK p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pAkt Protein kinase B PLA 2 Phospholipase A 2 PKA Protein kinase A SOD Superoxide dismutase PTGS2 Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 THP-1 Human Leukemia Monocyte Cell line TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha TRB3 Tribbles homolog 3 UV Ultraviolet 1

To address this gap, future studies should integrate cryo-electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation to elucidate the binding sites and conformational changes of CAT with TRPV1/SLC2A1, as well as the molecular switch mechanism governing the synergistic regulation of the dual pathways

Although structures of prokaryotic homologues of LATs revealed key features of the ligand binding site 22,34,35 many fundamental questions concerning amino acid recognition, selectivity and transport mechanism remain

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