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Second, we were unable to determine whether thiamine is beneficial for all patients with SAD or only for those with thiamine deficiency, as baseline thiamine levels were not available in MIMIC-IV

Recommended use: Take 1 capsule daily with a meal or a glass of water

FIGURE 1 This diagram illustrates how PTSD-induced oxidative pressure influences brain regions (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and leads to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cognitive decline

The uptake and metabolism of glutamine is elevated in LPS-activated M1 macrophages, and the replenishment of -KG by glutamine metabolism further promotes the accumulation of succinate, improving the stability of HIF-1, which in turn drives the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1) [95, 96]