l-carnitine side effects fishy odor nausea diarrhea DL-Carnitine | C7H15NO3 | CID 288 Mechanistic Insights into Antioxidant Interventions

As the oral route is not very good for glutathione absorption to replenish lost supplies, there are other ways to do so

Parker CT, Tindall BJ, GM Garrity

Similar content being viewed by others Log in or create a free account to read this content Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com or Abbreviations ROS: reactive oxygen species SOD: superoxide dismutase GSH: reduced glutathione GSSG: glutathione disulfide GS-R: glutathione mixed disulfide with protein thiols Trx: thioredoxin NO: nitric oxide GRX: glutaredoxin RNS: reactive nitrogen species Yap1: yeast activating protein 1 NES: nuclear export signal AP-1: activating protein 1 NF- B: nuclear factor- B HSF1: heat shock factor 1 Ref-1: Redox factor 1 STPK: serine/threonine protein kinases MAP kinase: mitogen-activated protein kinase TGF- : tumor growth factor- PTK: protein tyrosine kinase EGF-R: epidermal growth factor receptor VEGF-R: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor IGF-R: insulin-like growth factor receptor PKC: protein kinase C CDK: cyclin dependent kinase JNK: c-Jun-N-terminal kinase Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2 MDM2: murine double minute 2 ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 MKK: MAP kinase kinase GST: glutathione- S -transferase PTPase: protein tyrosine phosphatases References McCord JM and Fridovich I (1969) Superoxide dismutase

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