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This review aims to provide a guide to the management of this complex condition

Preclinical Combination Data (ALCAR + Alpha-Lipoic Acid) Preclinical studies in aged rats have demonstrated that combining ALCAR with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) synergistically improves cognitive function more effectively than either compound alone

A role of oxidative stress in GO is supported by a number of basic studies suggesting that ROS promote the proliferation of OFs and the release of GAGs, the synthesis and secretion of cytokines, and the expression of other factors involved in the pathogenesis of GO, namely heat shock protein 72 (HSP-72), HLA-DR and ICAM-1 ( Figure 1 In this context, a number of studies, performed both in vitro and in vivo , investigated the effects of antioxidant agents in GO, including selenium, pentoxifylline, quercetin, enalapril, vitamin C, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and melatonin ( Oxidative Stress and Proliferation of Orbital Fibroblasts Burch et al

Yale University also provided funding and support for this research