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Abbreviations AAA: Abdominal aortic aneurysm AAD: Acute aortic dissection AAS: Acute thoracic aortic syndromes AAV: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 ACE1: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 AD: Aortic dissection ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine AdoMet: S-Adenosyl-l-methionine Adrb1: 1-adrenergic receptor gene ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide AP1: Activating protein 1 BMPR2: Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1 ECM: Extracellular matrix ECs: Endothelial cells eNOS: Endothelial NO synthase ET-1: Endothelin HAECs: Human aortic endothelial cells HDMTs: Histone demethylases HHcy: Hyperhomocysteinemia HMT: Histone methyltransferase HSD11B2: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-112 enzyme ICAM1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 IMH: Intramural hematoma JMJD2B: Jumonji domain-containing protein 2B LDL: Low-density lipoprotein LRP6: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 LSD1: Lysine-specific demethylase-1 MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 MeCP2: Methyl CpG-binding protein-2 MEF2: Myocyte enhancing factor-2 MMA: Monomethylation mPAP: Mean pulmonary artery pressure MPO: Myeloperoxidase MRTF-A: Myocardin-related transcription factor A Nox4: NADPH oxidase 4 PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension PASMCs: Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells PAU: Penetrating aortic ulcer PBM: Peripheral blood monocytes PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls PCWP: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure PH: Pulmonary hypertension PHF8: Plant homeodomain finger protein 8 PKA: Protein kinase A PKMTs: Protein lysine methyltransferases PlGF: Placental growth factor PR3: Proteinase 3 PRC2: Polycomb repressive complex 2 PRMTs: Protein arginine methyltransferases RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ROS: Reactive oxygen species SAH: S-adenosylhomocysteine SDMA: Symmetric dimethylarginine SET: Suppressor of variegation, enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax SET1: Suv, Ez, and Trithorax domain 1 SHR: Spontaneously hypertensive rat SMCs: Smooth muscle cells TAAs: Thoracic aortic aneurysms TAC: Transverse aortic constriction VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor References Majesky MW

Overall, these are mere highlights of known roles 4-HNE plays in disease progression

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Fatty acid-induced beta cell apoptosis: A link between obesity and diabetes