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Abbreviations IGF: Insulin-like growth factor SC: Sertoli cell GC: Germ cell LC: Leydig cell INSR: Insulin receptor IGF1R: Type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor IGFBP: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein M6P: Mannose-6-phosphate IRS: Insulin receptor substrate PI3K: Phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase JAK: Janus kinase STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription SF1: Steroidogenic factor 1 SRY: Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome SOX9: Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome box 9 FGF: Fibroblast growth factor PTGDS: Prostaglandin D2 synthase KO: Knockout FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone GDNF: Glial cell-line derived neurotropic factor AKT: Protein kinase B mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid FLC: Fetal Leydig cell ALC: Adult Leydig cell DHH: Desert hedgehog PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor StAR: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein Cyp11a1: Cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme Cyp17a1: 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase GH: Growth hormone