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For example, the membrane lipid composition regulates the processes of ferroptosis and necroptosis

MRI with T1 and T2 mapping can detect copper deposition with greater sensitivity than ultrasound, though cost limits its use as a screening tool [7]

The aetiological agents of CD are gluten immunogenic peptides (GIPs) derived from Triticeae prolamins (Rodrguez-Ramrez et al, 2024), which, unlike most food proteins, are not fully digested by the peptidases from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to their high proline content (roughly 35%) (Bonner et al, 2025)

4.1 Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage Oxidative stress and subsequent mitochondrial damage are the key pathological initiating factors of toxicity-induced hepatic metabolic barrier damage