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Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence

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38,39 Glutamine traverses the plasma membrane via amino acid transporter type 2 (ASCT2) and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 5 (SN2), where cytosolic glutaminase converts it to glutamate and then to -ketoglutarate (-KG), which enters the TCA cycle

Recently, it was found that PDK4 not only drives metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis but also regulates the formation of mitochondria-associated ER membrane and subsequent Ca 2+ transport, reducing m and impairing mitochondrial respiratory capacity [42, 43]