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Pore-forming toxins produced by various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pyogenes , Clostridium perfringens , and Aeromonas hydrophila , activate the IRE1-Xbp1 pathway in response to PFT-induced ER stress, serving as a defense mechanism [133]

Upon hydrolysis, the resulting aglycones or secondary metabolites more readily penetrate the nucleus and mitochondria, where they modulate oxidative stress

Kanglexin attenuates spinal cord injury by modulating pyroptosis and polarization via the PKA/NF-B signaling pathway

Inflammation Reduction: This peptide may help reduce inflammation, which can alleviate pain and improve mobility