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Access this article Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations AA: Alopecia areata AAI: Alopecia areata incognita AA-IGA: AA investigator global assessment AD: Atopic dermatitis ADTA: Acute diffuse and total alopecia AT: Alopecia totalis AU: Alopecia universalis -MSH: -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CI: Contact immunotherapy CNV: Copy number variant CTLA4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated antigen 4 CXCL: Chemokine ligand DPCP: Diphenylcyclopropenone ERK: Extracellular signalregulated kinase GWAS: Genome-wide association studies HF: Hair follicle HLA: Human leukocyte antigen IC: Intralesional corticosteroids IFN: Interferon IL: Interleukin IP: Immune privileged JAK: Janus kinase JAKi: JAK inhibitors MHC: Major histocompatibility complex MICA: MHC class Irelated chain A NK: Natural killer PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell PCT: Pulse corticosteroid therapy PDE: Phosphodiesterase PRP: Platelet-rich plasma RCT: Randomized controlled trial ROS: Reactive oxygen species SADBE: Squaric acid dibutyl ester SALT: Severity of alopecia tool SOD: Superoxide dismutase STATs: Signal transducers and activators of transcription TA: Triamcinolone acetonide TC: Topical corticosteroids TGF: Transforming growth factor TNF: Tumor necrosis factor Tregs: T-regulatory cells TYK2: Tyrosine kinase 2 ULBP: UL16-binding protein VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide References Pratt CH, King LE, Messenger AG, Christiano AM, Sundberg JP (2017) Alopecia areata

evaluate each patient individually before treatment

Functions as a secondary messenger in insulin signaling pathways, helping cells respond more effectively to insulin