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Some studies suggest that priming peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with urate enhances the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating a potential pro-inflammatory effect

2Overall Mortality was 0.43%, 1.3% for high risk, 3.1% for high risk patients outside 16 hours Oral was approved in 1985, IV in 2004

In in vitro models, -carotene may act both as an antioxidant or a prooxidant, depending upon the redox status of the biological environment in which it acts [104]

Berberine, a mitochondrial-targeting compound, can inhibit PINK1 promoter hypermethylation and enhance PINK1 expression, thereby promoting autophagy-lysosome pathway and alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction in AD models (Wang et al., 2023)