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Future studies should implement stratified analyses based on individual stress exposures, assessed using validated psychological or life event scales, to differentiate between stress-induced and hormone-driven mitochondrial alterations

Bacterial growth was measured at 48 h post-treatment by recording absorbance at OD 600 nm using a plate reader (Tecan infinite M1000 pro)

After introducing KDS12025 into the drinking water, we monitored water intake for 3 days to confirm consistent consumption

Mechanistically, it activates the Nrf2 cytoprotective system by promoting Keap1 degradation via Atg7-dependent autophagy, disrupting the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction and enhancing Nrf2 nuclear translocation (260)