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doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02041-1 6 EduardoPMKaplanMJ

CBD can also indirectly influence cellular activity by altering the release of neurotransmitters or cytokines from neighbouring cells, leading to non-cell autonomous effects

Hereditary or acquired defects in the transport mechanisms are the major cause of l-carnitine deficiency, leading to pathologies such as cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle myopathy [12,13]

As oligodendrocytes are the main sites of iron storage in the brain 24 , the stimulation of FPN1-mediated iron export via decreased hepcidin is expected to increase free extracellular iron, which may, in turn, result in oxidative stress in the SN in PD patients