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Regulatory note: The FDA added injectable GHK-Cu to a high-risk compounded substance list in September 2023

Using a genome-wide CRISPR screen, mitochondrial ferredoxin (FDX1), and lipoyl synthase (LIAS) were identified as key regulators of Cu toxicity, 2,257 and genetic knockout of either FDX1 or LIAS leads to an accumulation of pyruvate and -ketoglutarate, reducing protein lipoylation and inhibiting Cu-induced cell death (Fig

(2012) examined GHK-Cu's protective effects against oxidative stress and age-related cellular degeneration

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