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the enrichment of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) such as SKD1, RBP47, USP106, and PHOT1 suggests an enhancement of post-transcriptional regulation, potentially modulating gene expression via increased mRNA stability or translation efficiency

Similarly, multiple previous investigations have reported that NF-B signaling activation is highly responsible for intestinal inflammation in MTX-induced intestinal injury (Hatada et al

Hydroxybenzoic acid, derived from benzoic acid, possesses a C 6 -C 1 carbon structure, while hydroxycinnamic acids, derived from cinnamic acid, typically occur in plants as simple esters with quinic acid or glucose ( Flavonoids are the most well-known and extensively studied class of polyphenols ( Phenolic acids could donate hydrogen atoms, suggesting their antioxidant properties ( On the other hand, flavonoids contribute to activating defense responses by modulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stress conditions ( 2.2 Stilbenes This class of polyphenols represents a distinct group of non-flavonoid phytochemicals characterized by two aromatic rings linked by a methylene bridge ( The abundance of resveratrol in red wine has contributed to hypotheses regarding its potential role in preventing chronic diseases ( 2.3 Lignans Lignans are another class of polyphenols that share structural similarities with phenolic acids ( Lignans are primarily found in vegetables, cereals, and legumes