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Transport of long-chain fatty acids Carnitine facilitates transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol compartment of the muscle fibre into the mitochondria, where they undergo -oxidation and produce acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle [27]

Because B12 shots are administered intramuscularly, they bypass the digestive system, allowing the body to absorb a much larger amount of B12 that would otherwise be lost during digestion

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7 , Article 205

However, when oxidative stress surpasses their regulatory capacity, astrocytes transition into a reactive state, leading to excessive ROS production and neuroinflammation