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xCT contributes to colorectal cancer tumorigenesis through upregulation of the MELK oncogene and activation of the AKT/mTOR cascade

For example, elevated activity of ARG1 (arginase 1) and IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) in aging and cancer restricts T cell function, establishing metabolic checkpoints that collectively weaken immune surveillance

Reported pathways include TGF- signaling, antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), extracellular-matrix gene expression (collagen types I and III, decorin, perlecan), and inflammatory cytokine modulation

Some advanced research protocols do explore concurrent use