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Incorporating such controls in future studies would strengthen the causal inference

they are likely to promote apoptosis (programmed cell death), to cause changes in protein aggregation, and almost certainly to contribute to the mechanism of cataractogenesis.92 Cytoplasmic pH in lens cells has been reported in the range 6.9 to 7.2, which is slightly more acidic than aqueous humor.93,94 The concentration of free amino acids in the mammalian lens is higher than that in the aqueous humor, vitreous, or plasma.95,96 There is good evidence that amino acids are transported into the lens by means of an energy-dependent carrier system

Moreover, glutaminolysis also contributes to the production of antioxidative molecules like glutathione and NADPH [72]

This section will therefore briefly summarize what is known from mammalian data before presenting the limited status quo from research in fish