Lipopeptides can form self-assemblies (micelles, vesicles) that affect bioavailability Study pathways: in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo Cell cultures Primary fibroblasts (neonatal, adult, senescent) on 2D collagen-coated or 3D scaffolds Keratinocytes HaCaT or primary for barrier and pigmentation studies (melanocyte co-culture) Skin equivalent models : EpiSkin, Phenion, reticulated skin (raft cultures) Ex vivo Human skin explants (plastic surgery) maintained in interface culture 7-14 days Organotypic perfusion of porcine skin, frequent model for penetration studies In vivo Murine wound models : 6 mm dorsal excisional wound, kinetic closure measurement Photoageing : SKH-1 hairless under chronic UV-B, wrinkle quantification by optical profilometry Diabetes (db/db): delayed healing, efficacy model for GHK-Cu Porcine models : skin close to human, used for clinical translation studies Research dermatological peptides FAQ Why is a native tripeptide (GHK) active

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