antibiotics include cephalosporins (e.g., cefoxitin, ceftazidime, and cefepime), lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin and lincomycin), macrolides (e.g., erythromycin and azithromycin), pleuromutillins (e.g., rumblemulin), metal complexes (e.g., zinc pyrithione, zinc methoxazole, and zinc sulfathiazole), penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, ofloxacin, and trovafloxacin), retinoids (e.g., tretinoin), saturated dicarboxylic acids (e.g., suberic acid, azelaic acid, and sebacic acid), sulfon Non- limiting examples of an anti-inflammatory compound include lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin and lincomycin), niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide and pyridine-3-corboxamide), retinoids (e.g., tretinoin), and saturated dicarboxylic acids (e.g., suberic acid, azelaic acid, and sebacic acid)
Of course, factors other than oxidative damage, such as life style factors and genetic susceptibility, play strong roles in disease development as well
Focusing on the inflammatory response associated with TBI holds promise for future treatments, as modulating the immune response may reduce secondary injury processes and enhance overall recovery
These results collectively demonstrate that VPA exposure induces widespread microglial activation across key brain regions, and that hCiPSC-NSCs treatment effectively mitigates this neuroinflammatory response
