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Elution fractions were TCA precipitated and equal volumes were analyzed on 12% NuPAGE gels (Invitrogen)

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While the effect of exercise on TIRAP is not fully known, it is known that TIRAP is a critical component of monocyte response to gram-negative bacteria and thus increased expression post-exercise with supplementation may translate into an improved innate immune response to bacterial challenge ( Our laboratory has spent considerable effort examining the relationship between exercise recovery and inflammation ( Observed changes in S100A8, S100A9, and IFP35 expression were particularly noteworthy because each is a DAMP commonly released in response to sterile inflammation or muscle injury ( With the advent of new biomarker measurement techniques such as the ones used in the present study, our understanding of the exercise-recovery response and how to improve it is still evolving

We also performed reporter metabolite analysis to identify dysregulated metabolites and their associated pathways