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Four cysteine (Cys) are introduced to form disulfide bonds for scFv stability

These data support our hypothesis that glucose lowering is an essential component to improved aerobic adaptation in hyperglycemic mice

furthermore, they require specific concentrations and careful formulation design for optimal results (22)

Abbreviations AMP: adenosine monophosphate AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ATF4: activating transcription factor 4 ATG : autophagy-related genes Atg: autophagy-related proteins ATP: adenosine triphosphate Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 Bcl-x L : Bcl-2 homolog X long protein : BECN1 gene encoding Beclin1 BNIP3: Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3 Caspase: cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein CoCl 2 : cobalt chloride CQ: chloroquine EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor ER: endoplasmic reticulum FoxO3: forkhead box O3 GBM: glioblastoma multiforme GLUT1,3: glucose transporter-1,3 GTP: guanosine triphosphate HCQ: hydroxychloroquine HIF1: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase LC3: light chain 3 3-MA: 3-methyladenine mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin mTORC: mTOR complex O 2 : dioxygen p16InK4a: p16 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 4a PI3K: phosphatidyl-inositide 3 kinase PML: promyelocytic leukemia PTEN: phosphatase and tensin REDD1: regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 RHEB: Ras homolog enriched in brain shRNA: small hairpin RNA siRNA: small interfering RNA TP53 : gene encoding p53 TSC1/TSC2: tuberous sclerosis complex 1 and 2 ULK1: Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 UPR: unfolded protein response UVRAG: UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor WHO: World Health Organization References Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A et al