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Compared to cognitively normal participants, individuals with mild cognitive impairment exhibit a relative increase in pro-inflammatory bacterial taxa and a reduction in bacteria associated with metabolic homeostasis at baseline, while fecal concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate did not significantly differ [66]

When administering 40 mg of MDMA, AVP levels increase from 1.14-1.88 pmol/l to 2.46-9.16 pmol/l within 1-2 hours

Therefore, patients should ideally be evaluated by a skilled otolaryngologist and voice therapist with experience in the assessment of functional voice disorders and SD, for laryngoscopic evaluation

References: Dunn MA et al (1997): Pretreatment for Nerve Agent Exposure (Chapter 6)