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Obesity, expression of adipocytokines, and macrophage infiltration in canine mammary tumors

2006 Jan;163(1):59-66

J., Heyser, C

Therefore, most cancer cells rely on nutrient transporters that can import extracellular cystine (the oxidized dimer form of cysteine) (, which is a sodium-independent, chloride-dependent, anionic L-cystine/L-glutamate antiporter on the cell surface ( SLC7A11 gene in humans is located on chromosome 4 and the SLC7A11 protein has orthologs in all vertebrates ( and, therefore, serves as the primary transporter for cystine and glutamate ( Extracellular cystine is imported into the cell through SLC7A11 and is converted to cysteine through a NADPH-consuming reduction reaction in the highly reducing atmosphere of the cytosol