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Moreover, increased expression of interferon- (IFN-), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1), IL-8, IL-6, and TNF- and other genes associated with the immune response have been reported in those brain regions and in the cerebrospinal fluid [4850] (Figure 4)

10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01843.x 127 MabuchiH.NoharaA.KobayashiJ.KawashiriM.-A.KatsudaS.InazuA.et al

Immunotherapeutic maintenance treatment with toll-like receptor 9 agonist lefitolimod in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: Results from the exploratory, controlled, randomized, international phase ii impulse study

doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112472 Lin YL, Chang YY, Yang DJ, Tzang BS, Chen YC