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Nitrosamines induce direct DNA damage through alkylation mechanisms, forming stable DNA adducts that can lead to mutations and facilitate malignant transformation

Furthermore, gene expression analysis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) showed no significant differences in mRNA levels of Gip and Glp1 and the potential upstream transcription factor regulatory factor X6 ( Rfx6 ) in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, while expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 ( Pdx1 ) was higher in jejunum of PAR2-R38E mice when compared with PAR2-G37I and WT mice (Supplemental Figure 2C)

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Bolton J, Moore GJ, MacMillan S, Stewart CM, Rosenberg DR

Yet, CPT2 deficiency is often referred to as either the adult/benign form or the neonatal form, suggesting these are separate identities