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These results suggest that upon depletion of GSH, tissues undergo reprogramming to hyperactivate NRF2, possibly as a mechanism to upregulate adjacent antioxidant pathways and buffer oxidative stress induced upon GSH depletion

2 The redox state of the cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP + ] and [NAD + ]/[NADH] are linked in cells with high malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and LDH activities In cells with at least moderate cytoplasmic malic enzyme 1 (ME1) activity, the malate/pyruvate is proportional to the cytoplasmic [NADPH]/[NADP + ] (Veech et al., 2019)

While swelling is necessary for proper wound healing, too much or prolonged swelling can impair healing and lead to chronic wounds

Collectively, our data provides mechanistic insight into the behaviour of Cagri as a dual CTR and AMYR agonist peptide