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Gut microbiota analysis revealed that BL21 intervention increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia compared with the ALD group, this indicates that dietary supplementation with BL21 can ameliorate ALD by enhancing hepatic antioxidant capacity and modulating gut microbiota, and thus holds promise as a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of this disease (89)

Additionally, in the experiment of SAT mice, exogenous E2 treatment increased serum BAFF levels in male SAT mice, and higher thyroid BAFF transcripts levels were found in female SAT mice regardless of E2 treatment

Table 2 summaries the microbial metabolites of EC that have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, along with their precursors, experimental models, and underlying mechanisms

However, given its potential effects on recovery and performance, it could attract regulatory attention in the future