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Although these reactive species participate in the pathophysiology of AD, the role of phytochemicals and antioxidant agents in preventing or controlling oxidative stress in AD patients has not been fully investigated (23, 24)

Moreover, unique methylation patterns in the DLPFC suggest that DNA methylation is essential for gene expression regulation and neural circuit development (Lin et al., 2021)

Similar content being viewed by others Introduction The mitochondrial inner membrane potential (m) is primarily maintained by the proton pumping activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) although it can rely on ATP hydrolysis by reverse rotation of the F1 subunit of the ATP synthase under conditions of stress such as ischemia or ETC inhibition 1

The release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by keratinocytes and infiltrating immune cells also contributes to neo-angiogenesis, another hallmark of lesional skin (Marina et al