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These interactions underscore SCFAs essential role in immune regulation and their potential therapeutic implications in inflammatory disorders [36, 37]

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found that rotenone (a respiratory chain inhibitor that can increase mitochondrial ROS and total ROS) induced higher inflammasome activity of NLRP3 compared with lipopolysaccharide, indicating that ROS promoted the initiation step of NLRP3 assembly, and Nrf2 activation-induced NQO1 expression to clear ROS, thus inhibiting NLRP3 expression and subsequent caspase-1 cleavage ( Figure 5 ) (82)