Moreover, particularly in conditions of IR, they may also be synthesized de novo (so-called de novo lipogenesis) from carbohydrates in the liver and be deposited as TG droplets (hepatic steatosis), or exported contributing to the very low-density lipoprotein pool ( Figure 1 The previous two-hit theory has therefore led the way to the multiple parallel hits theory ( Genes that modulate hepatic fat accumulation and retinol metabolism [i.e., transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), variants of patatin-like phospholipase domain which contain protein 3 (PNPLA3), membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 (MBOAT7), hydroxysteroid 17-dehydrogenase (HSD17B13), and glucokinase regulator (GCKR)] ( In addition, also genetic variants involved in OS regulation play an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis

Of note, this pathway of arginine-induced efferocytosis (with arginine derived from engulfed apoptotic cells) is complemented by efferocytosis-induced glycolysis dependent on activation of the enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2), triggering enhanced binding of apoptotic cells to the macrophage cell surface via glycolysis-derived lactate (Schilperoort et al., 2023)
It has been found that high H 2 O 2 concentrations could cause increased degradation of redox regulatory enzymes, but exact figures were not determined
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Integral University, Lucknow, and Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow for providing their assistance during this work