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Levels of anti-inflammatory genera such as Faecalibacterium and Eubacterium rectale are often lower in AD, whereas certain pro-inflammatory or opportunistic taxa (like Escherichia/Shigella ) are enriched [125, 126]
and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine (Effexor), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) 248,249 Stimulants (ie, a class of drugs usually used to treat attention deficit disorder), such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (Adderall) 248 Sedatives, such as diazepam (Valium) and triazolam (Halcion) 250 Drugs used to treat cognitive disorders, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne) 251-253 Cold medications, particularly pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) and combination products with pseudoephedrine 248 Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone (Deltasone), dexamethasone (Decadron), and methylprednisolone (Medrol) 254,255 Smoking cessation therapies, such as varenicline (Champix), bupropion (Zyban), and nicotine replacement patches (Nicoderm), lozenges (Nicorette), and gum (Nicorette) 248 Opioid pain relievers, such as morphine (MS-Contin and others), tramadol (Ultram), oxycodone (Oxycontin), hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin), oxymorphone (Opana), and fentanyl (Duragesic) 248,256 Some asthma medications, eg, theophylline (Elixophyllin and others) and albuterol (Ventolin and others) 257 Some blood pressure-lowering drugs, eg, beta-blockers like atenolol (Tenormin) and metoprolol (Lopressor) 258,259 Although sedatives in the drug class called benzodiazepines, including diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin), are frequently used to treat insomnia and anxiety, their use can disrupt normal sleep architecture by increasing time in N2 sleep and reducing restorative N3 slow-wave sleep and REM sleep
Proton-pump inhibitors elevate infection rate in cardiothoracic surgery patients by influencing PMN function in vitro and in vivo
