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Potential Risks and Solutions Lack of Extensive Human Trials Risk: Research on large human populations is limited, so long-term safety and efficacy remain partially unknown

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While the canonical IL-4/STAT6 pathway is the well-established initiator of the M2 transcriptional program, our findings suggest that direct activation of PKA in M1 macrophages (using Db-cAMP) was sufficient to significantly enhance efferocytosis

Although primarily known as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that binds to cell membrane receptors to potentiate intracellular signaling 45 , eNAMPT can also be taken up by cells such as neurons and increase NAD + synthesis 46