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Although substantial evidence suggests that an increase in the level of TMAO is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension, the direct effect of TMAO on vascular endothelial function remains unclear

In response, there have been numerous reports on strategies aiming at either preventing biofilms from forming or inducing biofilms to disperse as well as agents inducing the transition from a sessile to a planktonic (and vice versa , reviewed in 21 )

The kidneys also eliminate excess carnitine through urine to maintain healthful concentrations

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