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Beyond aesthetic improvements, glutathione plays an essential role in reducing oxidative stress by neutralizing harmful free radicals that contribute to premature aging and cellular damage

Availability of data and materials Not applicable Abbreviations AAs: Amino acids EAA: Essential AA NEAA: Non-essential AA NSAA: Non-standard Amino acids NAFLD ACC: Acetyl CoA carboxylase FAS: Fatty acid synthase HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HL: Hepatic lipase HSL: Hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase HS: Heat stress LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LPL: Lipoprotein lipase NEFA: Nonesterified fatty acid TC: Total cholesterol TG: Triglycerides TL: Total lipase CAT: Catalase GSH: Glutathione GPX: Glutathione peroxidase MDA: Malonaldehyde SOD: Superoxide dismutase T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 AMPK: Adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase alpha ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1 SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 CPT-1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 FAS: Fatty acid synthase PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor SREBP-1: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 MAFbx: Muscle atrophy Fbox protein MuRF1: Muscle ring-finger protein-1 M-CPT: Muscular isoform of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1, HMOX1 Heme oxygenase 1 gene Ig: Immunoglobulin iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase COX-2: Cyclooxygenase TLRs: Toll-like receptors DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium GABAAR: Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor References Surai PF, Fisinin VI

, 1976, vol

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