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XuXOcanseyDPeiBZhangYWangNWangZet alResveratrol alleviates DSS-induced IBD in mice by regulating the intestinal microbiota-macrophage-arginine metabolism axis

PEG-MGF is associated with localized repair signaling, while IGF-1 LR3 is involved in systemic growth and anabolic processes

Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that CNMs can be fermented by gut bacteria into bioactive metabolites like butyrate, which then modulate host physiology, such as intestinal stem cell differentiation highlighting not only toxicological but also transformative microbialhost interactions ( in vitro systems such as gut-on-chip platforms are increasingly integrated into tiered risk frameworks to enhance hazard identification without excessive animal use

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