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These molecules can further induce various transcription factors, like NF-B, STAT, p53, and activator protein-1 (AP-1) [9]

More importantly, by restoring mitochondrial integrity via overexpressing hHsp27, the development of mechanical and cold allodynia was completely prevented in paclitaxel-treated or vincristine-treated hHsp27 overexpressing mice (Chine et al., 2019a,b)

Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that TCAs may improve liver fibrosis and reduce portal hypertensive complications, a potential dual benefit that warrants further investigation [55, 56]

At the genetic level, two common functional polymorphisms, C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131), are widely studied for their effects on enzyme thermolability and folate/homocysteine status