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Anthrieu S, Bachour-El Azzi P, Dumont J et al (2013) Oxidative stress plays a major role in chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis in human HepaRG cells

In the absence of intracellular nucleophiles such as GSH, this reactive metabolite ( N -acetylbenzoiminoquinone) not only reacts with nucleophilic groups of cellular proteins resulting in direct hepatocellular damage, but also participates in redox cycling, thereby generating reactive O 2 species ( ROS ) and consequent oxidative stress that greatly enhance APAP-induced hepatotoxicity

Both AQ and DEAQ are prone to enzymatic oxidation leading to the formation of AQ-QI and DEAQ-QI (Lobach and Uetrecht, 2014

Pharmacol Rev 64:421449