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Three hours after pMCAO, Semax acted on microglia and immune system cells

While significant breakthroughs have been achieved in multimodal modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and dynamics, persisting challenges include incomplete elucidation of molecular regulatory networks and genetic foundations, limitations of single-pathway intervention strategies in achieving multi-target coordination, and technical barriers imposed by the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that hinder clinical translation of mitochondrial-targeted therapies (Meng et al., 2024)

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