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Glutathione is a small protein molecule that gets digested and lost in the digestive tract, making it ineffective at raising intracellular glutathione levels in the most important detoxification organs, such as liver, kidneys, and lungs

However, even at a high concentration (50 M), it could not induce apoptosis or cause the activation of aspases-3, -8 and -9

Beyond its roles as a metabolic substrate, L-Glutamine also functions as a signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a highly reactive and toxic by-product of lipid peroxide degradation and is therefore used as a surrogate marker for lipid peroxidation