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Fontana L, Kennedy BK, Longo VD, Seals D, Melov S

The fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min and stained with 1 M C11-BODIPY for 30 min at 37 C The green (oxidized) and red (reduced) fluorescence images were simultaneously acquired using a Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope

Cross-disease comparisons suggest that these modules recur across different organ niches, but their net effects are markedly context-dependent and are jointly regulated by disease stage (acute inflammation versus chronic tissue remodeling), tissue compartment (peripheral blood versus lesional tissue), as well as the spectrum of stimuli and therapeutic exposure, thereby leading to inconsistent directional outcomes of the same pathway across different models and time windows

They increase oxidative stress, shorten telomeres faster, impair GH signaling, and blunt the cellular response to peptide therapy