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Last reviewed: November 16, 2025 Last reviewed: November 16, 2025 Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is FDA-licensed for use in ages 5 years through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older mNexspike (Moderna) is FDA-licensed for use in ages 12 through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older Nuvaxovid (Sanofi-Novavax) is FDA-licensed for use in ages 12 through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older Spikevax (Moderna) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is FDA-licensed for use in ages 6 months through 64 years with at least one underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection and individuals 65 years and older Although the FDA licenses are limited in the age group younger than 65 years to those with underlying conditions that put them at risk for severe COVID-19 infection, the ACIP has recommended use based on individual decision-making (i.e., shared clinical decision-making) for all people age 6 months and older

However, only oral supplementation significantly raised plasma reduced glutathione levels, which may suggest better systemic absorption through the liposomal formulation

doi: 10.1210/en.2005-1182 51 HosodaHKangawaK

While existing research suggests promising avenues, further studies are necessary to fully elucidate the peptides mechanisms and research potential