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Abbreviations T2D: Type 2 diabetes ROS: Reactive oxygen species caspases: Aspartate-specific cysteine proteases HbA1C: Glycated hemoglobin IDF: International Diabetes Federation m6A: N6-methyladenosine IR: Insulin resistance GLUT2: Glucose transporter 2 UPR: Unfolded protein response ER: Endoplasmic reticulum IAAP: Islet amyloid polypeptides AGEs: Advanced glycation end products NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B RAS: Reninangiotensin system RCD: Regulated cell death BAK: Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer BAX: Bcl-2-associated X protein GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 TF: Transferrin RIPK1: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 MLKL: Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein STEAP3: Six transmembrane epithelial antigens of prostate 3 DMT1: Divalent metal transporter 1 LIP: Labile Iron Pool SLC7A11: Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 SLC3A2: Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 GCL: Glutamatecysteine ligase GSS: Glutathione NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate VDAC2/3: Voltage-dependent channel 2/3 PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids LPCAT3: Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 PE: Acyl-CoA to membrane phosphatidylcholine LOX: Lipoxygenase LPOX: Lipid peroxidation PHL-OOH: Phospholipid hydroperoxides L-ROS: Lipid reactive oxygen species PL-OH: Phospholipid alcohols ALOX-12/15: Lipoxygenase 12/15 SOD: Superoxide dismutase GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase LKB1: Liver kinase B1 ACC1: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 FAS: Fatty acid synthase GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease EPO: Erythropoietin, Pol: poliumoside miRNAs: MicroRNAs DR: Diabetic retinopathy RPE: Retinal pigment epithelial Sirt1: Sirtuin 1 GCLM: Glutamatecysteine ligase modifier subunit GCLC: Glutamatecysteine ligase catalytic subunit CFL2: Cofilin, TFR1: transferrin receptor 1 HMOX1: Heme oxygenase 1 PTGS2: Prostaglandinendoperoxide synthase 2 ZFAS1: Zinc finger antisense 1 DN: Diabetic nephropathy SOX2: Sex-determining region Y-Box 2 SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7 Member 11 ITPR3: Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 DKD: Diabetic kidney disease circRNAs: Circular RNAs m6A: N6-methyladenosine CDKN1A: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A MIOX: Myo-inositol oxygenase MYCN: BHLH transcription factor CD82: Cluster of differentiation 82 ALKBH5: Alkylation repair homolog protein 5 References Karamanou M, Protogerou A, Tsoucalas G, Androutsos G, Poulakou-Rebelakou E

Role of reversible arginine modification

The lower glutamine levels could be due to either decreased GLS-mediated synthesis or increased glutamine utilization/uptake

Toxicol in Vitro 82:105368