l carnitine affect sleep L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Manifestations: A Systematic Review The Role of l-Carnitine in

Key sources include: Red meat such as beef, lamb, and pork Poultry including chicken and turkey Fish like cod, salmon, and tuna Dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt Plant-based sources including avocados, soybeans, and tempeh Because plant sources contain much lower amounts of L-carnitine, vegetarians and vegans may struggle to obtain sufficient levels through diet alone

low IPA levels have been associated with worse cognitive function [265]

A cross-sectional survey of 38 ME/CFS patients receiving long-term B12 injections and oral folic acid demonstrated that higher injection frequencies and doses, combined with elevated daily folic acid intake, were associated with improved clinical outcomes [126]

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1803543 Received 04 February 2026 Revised 27 February 2026 Accepted 02 March 2026 Published 25 March 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Lara Costantini, University of Tuscia, Italy Reviewed by Shuangshuang Wang, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China Yue Xiao, Sichuan University, China Updates Copyright 2026 Yu, Ning, Long, Ren, Wang, Wang, Chen, Chen, Jiang and Liu