l-carnitine is synthesized in the heart kidneys pancreas and liver CARNITINE TRANSPORT FATTY ACID OXIDATION Carnitine Deficiency: What You Need

Table 2 WADA adverse analytical findings (AAFs) for meldonium from 2016 to 2024

It plays a crucial role in cell motility and in cell-shape changes occurring during the cellular cycle.100 In addition, actin is essential for the control of cell-cell interactions.100 For example, F-actin is anchored to Zonula occludens-associated proteins, such as ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, 7H6 and cingulin, thus regulating the paracellular permeability by changes in its contractility status/organization.101 Actin is also involved in transcitosis processes, by operating as a bridge between microtubules and the apical membrane itself, in a coordinated action of the microtubule-and the F-actin-based motor proteins, kinesin and myosin, respectively.102 Actin can also interact with, and possibly regulate, transmembrane proteins via binding to interacting-partner proteins, such as PDZ and HAX-1

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OCTN2 also plays an important role in the distribution of carnitine to various tissues