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PMID: 41763495

23 The NAD + level can be elevated by dietary supplementation of NAD + precursors, such as Trp, NA, NMN and NR, inhibition of NAD + -consuming enzymes, including PARP1 and CD38, management of the NAD + biosynthesis via controlling NAD + -biosynthesis enzymes, or improving NAD + bioavailability through exercise and caloric restriction

Mounting studies have demonstrated that DN is accompanied by gut microbial dysbiosis and alterations to microbial metabolites, suggesting that gut microbiota-targeted therapies may be an effective strategy against DN