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In addition, pharmacological interventions of FAO had obvious effects on IR injury, i.e., the activation of CPT1-dependent FAO by leptin significantly attenuated IR-induced injury, which is manifested by reduced hepatic enzyme level, hepatic injury score, hepatocyte apoptosis, and mitochondrial damage, while the inhibition of CPT1 by etomoxir imparted negative effects

Furthermore, the fact that liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle present with similar levels of CACT and CPT2 reinforces our idea that the carnitine shuttle is not likely involved in the oxidation of FFAs since skeletal muscle does not respire when energized with FFAs of any acyl-chain length while liver and kidney do

They have reported choline chloride and LC co-administration has beneficial effects on SCC and reproductive indices, and that is better than individual LC supplementation [21]

However, some sports medicine research suggests that taking it alongside a small amount of complex carbohydrates may stimulate a mild insulin release, which has been shown to further drive carnitine uptake directly into the skeletal muscle tissues, enhancing its recovery benefits