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Under normal conditions, about 12% of total consumed oxygen is converted to superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide, however, under hyperglycemic conditions, the conversion of oxygen to superoxide radical increases up to 10%

Chronic palmitate but not oleate exposure induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may contribute to INS-1 pancreatic -cell apoptosis

Nevertheless, current research on the utilization of carrier materials in DMED treatment remains confined to animal experiments

Furthermore, DAN could both reduce intracellular oxidative stress and improve the therapeutic effects on inhibiting corneal epithelial injury, protecting goblet cells, and promoting tear secretion in the dry eye animal models