Immunofluorescence staining of oocytes After a brief rinse with PBS/0.05% polyvinylpyrrolidone (to prevent adhesion), the oocytes were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100/PHEM for 5 min, fixed in 3.7% PFA/PHEM (18.14 g PIPES, 6.5 g HEPES, 3.8 g EGTA, 0.99 g MgSO4, pH 7.0 w/KOH) for 20 min, and washed three times (10 min each) with PBS/polyvinylpyrrolidone
Regulatory status: Neither peptide is FDA-approved, and both are banned for competitive athletes by WADA
Trn mi nn tng mng x hi, nhng sn phm kem dng glutathione ang lm ma lm gi vi hiu qu dng trng, chng oxy ha mnh m
In granulosa cells of women with endometriosis, elevated lipid peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) have been observed, accompanied by decreased glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), key inhibitors of ferroptosis ( Ferroptosis exerts a double-edged effect in endometriosis: while it damages ovarian granulosa cells, oocytes, and embryosdisrupting oocyte maturation, decreasing oocyte retrieval rates, and impairing embryonic developmentit also promotes ectopic lesion growth through downstream signaling pathways that enhance angiogenesis and inflammation ( Therapeutically, ferroptosis inducers can promote lipid ROS accumulation and endometriotic cell death but may exacerbate granulosa cell damage, while ferroptosis inhibitors protect granulosa cells against oxidative damage