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Unregulated devices, while preferred by some experienced users for their simplicity, require extensive knowledge of battery safety, Ohm's law, and proper maintenance practices

The global e-cigarette and vape market was valued at US$ 33.4 Bn in 2024 The global e-cigarette and vape industry is projected to reach at US$ 105.0 Bn by 2035 Increasing social acceptance & availability, and product innovation & technological advancements, are some of the driving factors of this market The CAGR is anticipated to be 11.0% from 2025 to 2035 Altria Group, Inc., British American Tobacco plc, Eleaf Group, Elf Bar, FreeMax Technology Co., Ltd, Geekvape, Imperial Brands plc, JTI SA, Juul Labs, Inc., LOST MARY, NJOY Inc., OVALE, Philip Morris International Inc., Reynolds American Inc., YOUME Group and others

Theme 1: Social initiation and peer-embedded use Peer influence as an entry point All three participants traced their e-cigarette initiation to peer influence during Indonesian high school: confirming this occurred in high school

Our aim is to focus on both efficiency of technology and cost effectiveness